The Han Dynasty And Roman Empire - 1059 Words

The Han Dynasty ruled China from 206 B.C.E to 220 A.D, and Polybius wrote his account of Rome around 200 B.C.E. Though the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire existed simultaneously, they were vastly different because they were separated by thousands of miles and high mountain ranges. It is widely agreed upon that the two empires had very little contact, especially in the years when Polybius wrote his account. Though separated, the two empires developed their own societies that were highly sophisticated and technologically advanced; they became the centers of trade in their regions of the world. Han China was developed with a larger emphasis on religion and nature whereas the Roman Empire was built on the principles of a strong military and political system. The transition from the Qin Dynasty to the Han Dynasty brought about many changes in ideology. The Han Dynasty’s rise to power brought with it the rise of Confucianism, and this gave the people of China more rights and freedom co mpared to their life under the Qin Dynasty. Confucian principles emphasized loyalty, respect for superiority, education, and the welfare of a group over the individual. Comparing Han China to Qin China, Lu Jia said, â€Å"When the people only feared the laws, they could not know rites and rightness.† The emphasis of Confucianism in Han China led to the construction of schools to offer more widespread education. This embedded a philosophy within the Chinese people that revolved around Ren and Yi, ideasShow MoreRelatedRoman Empire And Han Dynasty960 Words   |  4 PagesRoman Empire and Han Dynasty Comparison When comparing Han China and Roman Empire, many political, geographical, and religious similarities can be found, though many differences are also prevalent. Though Roman and Han political structures both emphasized bureaucracies, they came to them quite differently. Through many amounts of expansion, both societies spread culture and earned money, though expansion was eventually their downfalls. Their religions differed immensely, with Rome emphasizing polytheismRead MoreThe Han Dynasty And Roman Empire1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe Han Dynasty and Roman Empire, though worlds away, used technology as one of their building elements to create the great societies we know them as today. Through the documents provided, one can easily understand that both Roman and Han attitudes have both similar and different attitudes when it comes to the idea of technology. Although the usage of technology greatly differed between the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire, both civilizations experienced the p ositive and negative effects that technologyRead MoreThe Han Dynasty And The Roman Empire2038 Words   |  9 Pages Thesis: Addresses issues or themes to be compared. TAKE A POSITION!!!(1 point) Unlike he classical age Han Dynasty that was destroyed by rebellions of the poor, the classical age Roman Empire’s overreliance on slaves and a divided empire left them with no loyal citizens to extricate them from collapse. However, while the pair differs in their downfalls, both the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty collapsed due to bad leadership driven by greed for power and land that caused them to overextend their resourcesRead MoreRoman Empire And The Han Dynasty810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roman Empire and the Han dynasty both have created inventions that have inspired the modern world, and created impressive innovations and processes that advanced their primitive societies in the ancient world. Both civilizations worked tirelessly to create innovative solutions to the problems they had, or to advance their cities in a way they felt could not be replicated. Each city had their own view on how these inventions should be created and ran. The Romans created aqueducts and i nventedRead MoreROMAN EMPIRE AND THE HAN DYNASTY IN CHINA1441 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE HAN DYNASTY IN CHINA Rodrick Carter HIEU 201 Liberty University 29 November 2014 Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty in China The Roman Empire and Han Dynasty in China are two kingdoms that, despite the geographical difference between them, managed to achieve great success and failure in equal measure. Both were characterized by imperial dynasties that were headed by the emperors and they held large territories. Both of these kingdoms faced various challenges afterRead MoreThe Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pages The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty reached unprecedented levels of progress by controlling equally vast lands and territories, utilizing ecological, economic and human resources, and consolidating power by the unification of their regimes under a common legal and cultural framework.   The Roman Empire stretched from the present day British Isles to the present day Iraq and lasted five hundred years from 27 BC to 467 AD.   The Han Dynasty dominated Asia from the Korean Peninsula to present day VietnamRead MoreThe Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesTHE ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE HAN DYNASTY The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty Imagine being the head of government in one or two of the most famously remembered governments in the world’s history! The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty are two of the most famous governments in history. The Roman Empire and Han Dynasty were governed in very different ways, however both contributed greatly to Western civilization. The Roman Empire was in power between 1,000 and 1,200 years. The Han Dynasty was inRead MoreRoman Empire Vs. Han Dynasty939 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Roman Empire vs. Han Dynasty Bethany Corl HIEU 201-B11 September 29, 2014 Compare and Contrast Essay The Roman and Han empires flourished in culture, wealth, and technological advances at their pinnacle, leading not to future stability, but to greed, corruption, and ultimately their downfall. The Roman and Han empires were different with respect to how each came to gaining their power. However, each held several similarities within their governmentsRead MoreDifferences Of The Han Dynasty And The Roman Empire1036 Words   |  5 Pagesthis essay I will compare and contrast the civilizations of the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire. These empires are in many was similar to each other being they both rose to power around the same time in history. In roughly 202 B.C Liu Bang wins post-Qin civil wars, and becomes first emperor of Han dynasty. The Han Dynasty rose last from 202 B.C to 220 C.E, it is the second longest ruling dynasty. The government of the Han Dynasty was a monarchy ruled by a singular ruler who had almost absoluteRead MoreRoman Empire And The Han Dynasty Contrast912 Words   |  4 PagesRoman Empire and the Han Dynasty Contrast Rise of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire is still known today as one of history’s most powerful period. Rome government had stick rules and policies. The Roman government at this point was known as the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic was controlled by the roar Rome. Bureaucracy was ran throughout the region, but Rome did not want this nor could they afford it. However, they did allow small cities to run a lower level of government. The exercise

Quality of Health and Social Care

Question: Discuss about the case study for Quality of Health and Social Care. Answer: 1.1 Quality of health care in a case where one or more patients are infected with Staphylococcus aureus infections that are methicillin resistant is a cause of concern for all the stakeholders involved in patient care and those receiving care and their families. The fact that MRSA can cause increased morbidity and mortality in patients who may be suffering from health conditions related to old age makes it important that the quality of care be of a high standard. Health and social care workers, voluntary organisations, policy makers, hospital administration and service staff each have a perspective and a definite role on how to control and minimize infections acquired at the health care facility. According to the American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Quality Health "achievement of appropriate self-care, demonstration of health-promoting behaviours, health-related quality of life, perception of being well cared for, and symptom management" are the defining parameters of high-quality care (Mitchell, 2008). Quality in healthcare can be assured by evaluating and assessing the quality of care provided to the patient. The deficiencies while delivering care have to be identified. Remedial measures to remove deficiencies and constant monitoring to detect lapses in following the improved procedures of patient care need to be implemented. Patient- centric approach while maintaining quality in health and social care is important, since the earlier model of treating symptoms without much attention to patient's opinion could not ensure quality. The basic premise of quality function deployment in healthcare requires an understanding of what the patient wants and needs. Improved communication with the patient leads to a more transparent method. Every opportunity for improving the delivery of healthcare has to be identified and changes made to the process. A better understanding of the patient as a person and giving high priority to the patient's needs can ensure improvement in quality (Gremyr Raharjo, 2013). Delivering high quality healthcare depends on the level of coordination between the patient and the service provider. An atmosphere conducive to maintain quality is important. External factors in maintenance of quality include availability of resources while a collaborative understanding among the service providers improves the quality of patient care. Measurement of the quality of service is important in the assessment of the quality of healthcare delivered. A multi-item SERVQUAL questionnaire in a study of patient responses to quality of healthcare delivered at an NHS facility was assessed. Patients require empathy from the staff, a relationship that harbours mutual respect, their dignity should be respected, an understanding of the illness and religious requirements and the availability a physical environment that is comfortable. In a scenario where availability of funds is scarce, it is difficult to improve quality in areas where financial inputs are required. Identification of shortcomings in the delivery of care can be identified by employing this method of quality evaluation. Conclusion Spread of an MRSA infection in a healthcare facility indicates poor quality control. Health-related quality of life of patients largely depends on the cooperation and coordination among the service providers. Deficiencies in the provision of care and short-comings in the process of patient care can subject the service user to harm. Healthcare quality in patient care has to given high priority. Methods have to be employed for measurement of quality of healthcare delivered. 1.2 External agencies are important as they set guidelines and standards to be adhered to by the care homes and hospitals. The provision of training programs for the nursing staff helps the service providers in adhering to high quality delivery of services. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) The standards lay out the guidelines for practice and contain statements to fulfil the purpose. Measurement of progress is facilitated through instructions about how to measure whether the requirements stated in the statement were met. At NICE the emphasis is on producing advice and guidelines for practitioners in the field of social care, health and public health. The guidelines are evidence based. The development of quality standards and tools for measuring adherence to quality parameters for health care professionals is an important function. Provision of information for the people in the healthcare industry is another important role fulfilled by NICE (Anon., 2016). Care Quality Commission (CQC) The role of the Care Quality Commission is to set guidelines for healthcare professionals and enforce adherence to the rules by the service providers. A team of experts carries out inspections to assess the quality of care provided by hospitals, care facilities and clinics (Anon., 2015). Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE) The institute provides accredited training to staff involved in adult social care and consultancy support during CQC inspections. The institute develops and upgrades instructional material for service staff. Development of a skilled workforce is an area of priority for the institute. 1.3 The impact of poor service quality by different stakeholders of the health and social care system can cause harm to the patient. The patient may suffer from mental or physical impairment including the spread of infections. An error in communication between practitioners or between a practitioner and non-medical staff may cause harm to the patient. Errors in delegation of tasks, improper referral, incorrect use of resources can compromise the health care provision to the patient. Negative outcomes may result for the patient if there are lapses in patient management and shortcomings in making clinical decisions about the patient's health (Mitchell, 2008). References Anon., 2015. /regulations-service-providers-and-managers. [Online] Available at: https://www.cqc.org.uk/content/regulations-service-providers-and-managers Anon., 2016. standards-and-indicators. [Online] Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/standards-and-indicators Gremyr, I. Raharjo, H., 2013. Quality function deployment in healthcare: a literature review and case study.. International Journal for Healthcare Quality Assurance, 26(2), pp. 135-46.. Hunter, C. et al., 2015. Perspectives from health, social care and policy stakeholders on the value of a single self-report outcome measure across long-term conditions: a qualitative study. BMJ Open, 5(5), p. e006986. Mitchell, P., 2008. Defining Patient Safety and Quality Care. In: Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses.. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Tomes, A. Peng Ng, S., 1995. Service quality in hospital care: the development of an inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ patient questionnaire. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 8(3), pp. 25 - 33. Task 2 2.1 As compared to the emphasis on quality management in hospitals and clinics, the focus on quality in health and social care leaves room for improvement. Lord Darzi's definition of quality care includes the three premises of being safe, being effective and care which is satisfying for the patient. Each of these premises is an important for maintaining and giving high quality care and one is more important than the other (Foot, et al., 2014 ; Anon., 2011). It is also important the care be cost effective because the recurring issue of insufficient funds means that care has to be imparted but within the financial restrains that care facilities often encounter. One parameter that distinguishes the patients in care facilities is that the long term care is focussed at restoring health and bringing about improvements in the health and well-being of patients. An unfriendly cardiac surgeon may be able to restore health in a hospital for a patient who is being treated during a short-term hospital stay. But unfriendly staff in a residential care facility will immediately be classified as poor quality care because grumpy behaviour will reduce patient satisfaction. Benchmarking provides an important input into how to compare care giving at one institution with those that have better practices, acknowledge the fact and try to match standards of quality of care with other institutions. It allows care facilities to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Benchmarking helps in the identification of gaps in performance and provides a means to bring about changes, improve quality and work towards higher customer satisfaction (Anon., 2014). 2.2 The definition of quality in healthcare delivery emphasizes the importance of safety, efficiency and ensuring positive outcomes for patients to the maximum possible extent. Quality in care can be ensured only when the standards are maintained throughout the system. Consistency in maintaining high standards of quality can help attain the goal of providing satisfactory service to the patients and their families. In the case study, the spread of MRSA infections could have occured due to weak immune system of patient, deficiencies in performance by service givers, such as improper hand hygiene, transfer of infection from one patient to another or transfer of infection from a staff to the patient. In all of these scenrios the quality of care was below par and a preventable illness due to the infection could not be controlled. It is important to measure the quality of care provided and in the case study, the qulity has been found to be below par because the elderly patients have been harmed due to the system failure that led to the spread of antibiotic methicillin resistant infections. One method could be the employment of continuous measurement and comparison of key results of improved processes with results at facilities with no cases of infection acquired at the facility. Another method could be to employ the Taotl Quality Management where the staff is trained to strive for constnt improvement in quality of services delivered. 2.3 The degree of adherence to quality standards and recommended guidelines is lower than expected. Several barriers on the road to implementation of the guidelines need to be identified and removed. The constraint of time expressed by some care-giving staff can be solved through provision of support and training leading to improvement in commitment towards their duty. Lack of leadership is another barrier to delivering high quality healthcare. The difference in perceptions between the executive staff and service staff also plays a role. Clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction were high on the list of the priorities of nursing staff whereas the managers rated operational effectiveness as more important. Lack of consistent training in aspects of quality among the managerial and nursing staff is yet another barrier to delivery of quality services. A survey found that a quarter of the staff had not received training in quality improvement programs, a quarter was trained in all aspects, another quarter had received training but with considerable gaps. The last quarter were trained in governance and audit related to quality assessment. Staff appraisals at regular intervals can help reward those who strive to maintain quality. But most staff has experienced that adherence to quality is rarely measured as part of an appraisal. If quality is made a parameter for measuring and rewarding performance during an appraisal, adherence to systems that ensure quality in delivery of service will be followed by staff. (Chrystie, 2012). Quality standards for end-of-life hospices address concerns of the stakeholders, the hospice, the patient, the family and the staff. Compassionate care and empathy are the main tenets of these standards. In these cases the death of the patient is inevitable but the hospice and the staff make the best possible outcome for the patient and the family a priority (Anon., n.d.). The Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority monitors and inspects the quality of services provided at the health and social care facilities. Importance is placed in particular on whether the services being provided are safe, ensure well being of the service users in a protective environment. The Authority can enforce compliance with standards if a care home is found not complying with standards (Anon., n.d.). The foremost requirement for improvement in quality standards has been to sensitize staff about a constant need for quality improvement. Training staff in development of quality improvement methods can be an effective strategy. The steps for improving quality can be taken in the following order: review of existing quality improvement process review of capacity of system for employing improvement in quality exploring the extent of sharing of successful quality improvement initiatives between institutions provision of benchmarking for quality improvement steps taken enhancing systems and processes for quality improvement (Anon., 2016). In conclusion, constant effort to improve quality of service t health care facilities is necessary. Various tools are available that facilitate systemic surveillance about adherence to procedures and train and upgrade staff towards commitment to quality. Role of service user's family member: Ms. X came to visit her father at the residential care facility where she had transferred him because she was unable to meet his complex needs of health care on her own at home. Her father is 75 years old, with diabetes, hypertension and intermittent dementia and of Asian descent and could not speak English well. On seeing him she found him to be rather depressed. When she asked he said he did not want to stay there. On further enquiry, she found that the care staff ignored his request because they could not understand him. However, the prescribed medications were being administered to him regularly. Role of care provider: The care provider/s appeared ignorant of the fact that it was their duty to make Ms. X's father comfortable despite the language barrier. It was part of their responsibility to make him feel comfortable. But instead they ignored his requests for small needs because they said they could not understand him. The care facility did not have a system in place where they could seek help from a volunteer service for a translator occasionally. Role of service worker: The service worker continued to administer medicines and took steps that would prevent falls because Ms X's father was rather frail. Her training fell short and she did not take up the matter with her superiors. The result was an unsatisfied patient and his family. The daughter lodged a formal complaint in this regard and complained that her father had faced discrimination at the care facility. 3.1 Several rules and policies have been formed for delivery of health and social care that does not discriminate patients on the grounds of language, ethnicity, cultural, and religious background. Discrimination on the basis of language causes lower levels of satisfaction because the patients feel that they are not being understood. Bilingual service providers can communicate with the patient more effectively because they speak the same language. This immediately makes the patient feel less discriminated and the levels of satisfaction are much better. But standards should now define the path to be taken when bilingual service providers are not available. Due to increasing globalisation, high mobility and migrants from other countries settling in the United Kingdom, the barrier of language is being felt increasingly, in a society that is becoming multilingual and multi-ethnic. Care homes may find individuals of different ethnicities opting for their services. In such a scenario, it is helpful to employ staff from different ethnicities and staff who are trained and sensitized in dealing with patients from different cultures, religions and ethnicities. 3.2 It is important for the service giver to understand that a diverse background of patients can give rise to discrimination. It is important to remain aware of equality and include so that discrimination can be minimized. Every incident of discrimination causes misery to the patient. It also results in delivery of low quality care. The service giver has to ensure during the course of discharge of duties that the values and preferences of patients and colleagues are respected at all times. And the service users are assured of an environment that is conducive to the maintenance of their culture and beliefs. The confidence that stems from such an atmosphere at a care home is likely to have satisfied service users and their families remain assured of a best possible outcome. 3.3 It is important that complaints from patients and their families should be encouraged whenever a deficiency in service is encountered by them. Each complaint is an opportunity to improve service. Rather than being defensive in the event of a complaint, the system should encourage and give the complainant a patient hearing. An atmosphere of openness should be harboured that treats each complaint as a stepping board for bringing changes in the service that improve the delivery of service. Not only patients, but concerns raised by colleagues should be received openly. This will lead to a system that is responsive and ready to remove the basic malady that may be causing a lower quality delivery of service. A system that is open to change is more likely to function like a well oiled machine. Patient's families should be encouraged to share difficulties encountered and they should not fear a backlash and an impact on the care received by their dear one/s nor should they be worried about a reprisal if a complaint is made. Welcoming a complaint or concern can only bring about betterment of the system. Health and social care is a complex and difficult area where a small lapse from the service giver can result in a major flaw in quality of care delivered. A culture of honesty and openness is correcting and reporting errors can enhance the quality of service delivery. Continuous improvement in quality of services delivered has to be systemically driven. Each individual responsible for service delivery has to contribute with constant inputs for improving quality. Preventing fatalities and improving the quality of life of patients with long term care requirements is the duty of service providers. Regulations help in keeping service providers alert and conscious about delivering quality, but regulations should take into account the point of view of all stakeholders including the service providers. If they have to take the brunt of failure they might as well have a voice in how regulations are framed and practised. A system that is fair to all stakeholders has a better chance of success. Just as service providers are answerable when low quality delivery is noticed, providing them with rewards or incentives on delivering service of a high quality can go a long way in ensuring that quality requirements will be met. Providing interventional educational programs for raising levels of quality care to service providers is an important step. Sharing new methods of service delivery and providing them with updates can reinforce their knowledge base and improve quality of service. 4.1 Evaluating methods for evaluation of service quality in health and social care is done from an internal perspective by using questionnaires to patients who assess the quality of care provided. But the framing of questionnaires as tools of measuring quality can vary to a large extent. Properly validated and reliable questionnaires offer a standardised tool for quality measurement, but when formed by private vendors, the questionnaires may often have low reliability. Internal assessment questionnaires are a third kind of tool used to measure quality and may contain questions taken from validated questionnaires. The main objective of the tool is that of measuring quality. Once quality measurement is done in a reliable manner, there is scope for improvement in quality of health care delivered based on the findings of this important tool. The basic objective of the questionnaire is to determine how patients rate the experience at the care facility and this can help in transforming the way patients are cared for in health and social care facilities. It is in the interest of hospitals and care institutions to make an investment in time and finances directed at collecting patients 'evaluation of services so that the delivery of care and care services can undergo radical transformation (Urden, 2002). The fishbone diagram shows the relationship between cause and effect and can be used as an effective tool to bring out the basic issues that gave rise to a problem, such as healthcare associated infections as in the case study. It gives a structured flow to the discussion by a group of people responsible for controlling the problem. It becomes easier to identify training needs, gaps and lacunae that led to the problem initially. (Anon., 2007). The impact of involving service users in the evaluation process on service quality has been immense in improving the quality of service provided. WHO is in favour of involving service user feedback for quality improvement. The accessibility and dissemination of information about services has improved. A greater coordination in care -giving and between the doctors and patients has emerged. (Omeni, et al., 2014). Positive clinical outcomes for patients and better self esteem have also resulted and this a favourable impact of the service users involvement in the evaluation of service quality that they receive. There have been reports where the service providers may have discouraged evaluation by service users and their involvement in affecting quality. References Anon., 2007. 9Final-Fishbone.pdf. [Online] Available at: https://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/213798-1194538727144/9Final-Fishbone.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2016]. Omeni, E. et al., 2014. Service user involvement: impact and participation: a survey of service user and staff perspectives. BMC Health Services Research, Volume 14, p. 491.. Urden, L., 2002. Patient satisfaction measurement: current issues and implications.. Lippincotts Case Management, 7(5), pp. 194-200.

The Chrysalids Essays - Social Science Fiction, The Chrysalids

The Chrysalids Question 7. : Examine the role played by, at least, two minor characters in the presentation of the novels themes. In the novel The Chrysalids by John Wyndham, several minor characters are presented to help convey the themes of the text. Alan Irvin, Sophie Wender, and Axel Morton are several of the minor characters, who are presented in the novel, that assist in the communication of themes to the reader. These characters help develop themes such as intolerance, and the nature of a closed society. John Wyndham also employs various literary techniques including personalisation, and development of character depth, which are imposed upon the characters to better convey the themes of the novel. Axel Morton is a well-travelled person who has seen much more than most of the people who lived in Waknuk. He is one of the few in Waknuk society who had ventured down the coast, and in doing so he saw things, which made him question the religious indoctrination, which occurred in Waknuk. Axel questions the so-called True Image which is preached by the orthodox members of Waknuk society as his travels showed him just how many apparently deviational people thought that they were in the True Image in reference to the Old People. Whether they have seven fingers, or four arms, or hair all over, or six breasts, or whatever it is thats wrong with them- think that their type is the true pattern of the Old People, and anything different is a deviation. This quote from Axel Morton shows that no one could really be sure of what the True Image was, because as stated in the novel, no texts from when the Old People were around stipulated what was or wasnt deviational. Axel Morton had a much diffe rent value system to the other people of Waknuk, and did not believe that deviations were as bad as they were made out to be. Axel Morton reiterates the theme of the nature of a closed society, as he is one of the few members of the Waknuk community, who has alternative knowledge to that which is preached by members of the town in which he lives. The theme of the nature of a closed society refers to the fact that people who live in such communities arent able to question what they are taught as they are they are deprived of the knowledge which travelling and other people can teach them. When reading the novel it is clear that Axel identifies with the texts criticisms of intolerance. Axel disagrees with the intolerance toward things different from the normal, as he himself is not physically the same as others in Waknuk. Axel Morton however is not a deviant because his abnormality was obtained after birth in a sailing accident. He was standing in the customary way, with much of his weight upon the thick stick he used because his leg had been wrongly set at sea. This quote reveals Axel Mortons difference from the norm, and although it is not a huge variation, he still had to cope with that difference, and his inability to perform certain tasks that others could do. Although this difference from the norm was not deviational, he was still able to sympathise with true deviants, as he knew what it was like to be different to others around him. His difference form the norm was not the only reason for which he sympathised with deviants, but his knowledge also of other places and people, allowed him to have an open mind about certain viewpoints, which others did not. Axel Morton as a character is used to convey the theme of intolerance in the novel, in the sense that he disagrees with the intolerance of others around him, and criticises the intolerant beliefs upon which the society is based. Sophie Wender is a minor character in the novel who also conveys the theme of intolerance. Sophie Wender is a deviant in the sense that she had six toes instead of the normal five. For this very small deviation she is completely ostracised from the society in which she lives and banished to the fringes. Wyndham effectively uses David Strorm the narrator of the novel, to positively

Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay Example

Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay Example Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay As a societal attention worker I have frequently learned through test and mistake what works in the existent universe, establishing my pattern on common-sense and non on abstract theories. But I recognise my positions are frequently based on sentiment and bias instead than evidence-based, peer-reviewed cognition and as Beckett suggests, our ain theories and thoughts about why people are as they are and behave as they behave, are normally rather inconsistent and arbitrary, based on our ain experience and on our ain demands ( Beckett, 2002:8 ) . Human growing and development theory is concerned with understanding how people grow and change throughout their lives, from the critical early phases to old age, and hence is indispensable for informing societal work pattern. The theory can be applied to a assortment of countries within human life and behavior including societal, cultural, emotional and psychological, and besides, moral, rational, religious and biological point of views. In this assignment I will concentrate on the psychological and cultural significance of the phases of development in relation to a 12 twelvemonth old in surrogate attention. Jake, a double heritage British male, was taken into attention 4 old ages ago following him being removed from his female parent Maggie an African Caribbean female aged 32. Jake and Maggie lived in a 3rd floor, 2 sleeping room flat in an country where drug dealing and drug related offense is common topographic point. In Jake s sleeping room he had a plastic box for his apparels and mattress on the bare floor with a pail for a lavatory as Maggie would lock him in his room when she went out. Maggie had been utilizing drugs for many old ages and her old spouse ( Jake s male parent ) introduced her to heroin 5 old ages ago. She rapidly became addicted and the relationship broke down shortly afterwards. Jake s male parent has non had any contact or attempted to do contact since the interruption up. Jake and Maggie had been known to Social Services as Maggie was a victim of domestic force and spent 4 months in a adult females s safety. Jake has had a figure of placement dislocations and has been unable to organize any fond regards with any of the Foster carers. Jake would frequently stool around the house and his last placement broke-down because Jake defecated in the Foster carers bed so went on to smear their sleeping room walls. Jake displayed troubles in utilizing a knife and fork and would frequently acquire frustrated and either eat with a spoon or his custodies. Maggie had been diagnosed as enduring from a terrible depression, worsened by her drug dependence. It is thought that whilst Maggie was traveling through a depressive episode she would physically mistreat Jake. Jake was frequently left on his ain for long periods whilst Maggie would be out in hunt of drugs. When she returned home Jake was subjected to emotional maltreatment and was frequently blamed by Maggie for their state of affairs. Jake has been in the fosterage system for a figure of old ages and in that clip he has non formed any meaningful fond regards. Whilst in arrangement Jake disclosed events and ideas which alerted Foster carers to the fact that there may be some unsolved issues that need to be addressed before Jake can travel on with his ain growing and development. Jake would frequently return to drawing his hair and slaming his caput on the wall if he felt he had done something incorrect and was traveling to be blamed for it. For illustration, when he by chance interrupting a cup. Jake is being assessed by CAMHs as he has been exposing behavior that indicates there may be an implicit in depressive mental wellness job. Theories of human development have produced accounts about the beginnings of mental upset in the countries of psycho-analysis and kid psychological science, from the early expansive theories of Freud and Bowlby and farther developed by Klein and Ainsworth. Freud saw psychodynamic theory as a more enlightening theoretical account in associating past psychological events to present twenty-four hours symptoms. Freud believed behavior is non ruled by witting procedures but conflicting unconscious procedures, he saw a individual s psychological procedures affecting antagonizing forces viing in an intra psychic struggle , a construct shared by many theoreticians of human growing and development. In Freud s theoretical account a kid starts life with specific basic instinctual demands, such as for nutrient or sexual satisfaction. Internally, the Idaho continually seeks to run into these demands, while the self-importance mediates between the desires of the Idaho and the restraints of the external universe, peculiarly the demands of important and powerful grownups in the kid s life, such as his female parent and instructors. Harmonizing to Freud these grownup figures are finally internalised in the signifier of the superego, or grownup scruple s. The kid s self-importance efforts to negociate the viing demands placed upon him, developing his ain distinguishable personality and come oning to adulthood ( Freud, 1949 ) . Erikson s psychosocial phases of development have Freudian psychodynamic beginnings. The thought that unconscious procedures cause struggle within worlds is besides cardinal to Erikson s theory. His staged development theoretical account is based on the thought that these intra-psychic struggles occur throughout our lives and necessitate to be resolved satisfactorily if we are to avoid psychological hurt and mental unwellness ( Erikson, 1995 ) . Erikson s psychosocial theory of human development physiques on Freud s psychodynamic theoretical account, but while Erikson accepts thoughts, such as the unconscious, he rejects constructs of the personality which are described entirely in footings of gender. Again, like Freud, Erikson believed childhood was cardinal in the development of personality, but that the personality continued to develop beyond the age of five ( Erikson, 1995 ) . Erikson s psychosocial theoretical account describes eight phases from babyhood and maturity. At each phase a individual encounters new challenges. If they are non successful in run intoing these challenges, they may re-emerge as jobs in the hereafter. However, while each phase presents new challenges, they besides provide chances to cover with the unsolved issues. In Erikson s theoretical account there is no premise that one phase has to be to the full completed or that the most favorable result has to be achieved before traveling on. In fact, he acknowledges that it is likely that everyone will hold unresolved issues from old phases and there is a favourable ratio between favorable and unfavorable results ( Erikson, 1987 ) . However, the more unsolved issues carried frontward, will hinder successful progressionaˆÂ ¦an unfavorable result in one phase makes it more hard to run into to the full the challenge of the following phase ( Beckett, 2006:42 ) . Erikson s theoretical account proposes a first phase that involves set uping a sense of trust ( 0 1 yrs. ) . If partially or wholly unsuccessful at this phase, so it will be more hard to accomplish a sense of liberty at the following phase ( 1 3 year. ) , and so more hard still to develop a capacity for enterprise in the following phase ( 3 5 year ) . The following phase in Erikson s theoretical account ( 6 11 year ) involves set uping a sense of competency and accomplishment, assurance in one s ain ability to do and make things ( Beckett, 2006: 43 ) . It is hard to reason how successful Jake was able to negociate old phases, nevertheless it has been suggested that despite hardships some kids are able to develop moderately well-balanced personalities showing resiliency and normal development under hard fortunes ( Crawford A ; Walker, 2003: 48 ) . One of the failings of Freud s and Erikson s theories of human growing and development utilizing phases as the theoretical account, is the underlying premise that everyone s lives follow these peculiar linear lines, and that we all, more or less, achieve the same mileposts at the same clip. However, we know this is seldom the instance. It appears, for case, that these theories were based entirely on a white, male Eurocentric theoretical account, and do non see specifically imposts from other civilizations or position. Baltes ( 1987 ) , for illustration, suggests human development is multidimensional, affecting biological, cognitive and societal dimensions, and multidirectional, non to be viewed as a individual fixed path which represents the norm, but as periods of changing growing and differing waies. Bowlby differs from Freud in that he saw an fond regard between kid, and female parent or primary attachment figure ( which may differ harmonizing to the societal and cultural background of household ) , as an indispensable demand in itself and non merely to run into basic demands, such as, nutrient and sex: Mother love in babyhood and childhood is as of import for mental wellness as are vitamins and proteins for physical wellness ( Bowlby, 1953 ) . Attachment theoreticians maintain that the manner we relate to other people through our lives is influenced significantly by our first relationship with our female parent or primary attachment figure ( Howe, 1995 ; Howe et Al, 1999 ) . They suggest, like Erikson and Freud, that many jobs in adulthood root from unsolved issues in these early fond regard relationships and these early relationships can determine an adults ability to organize relationships, to parent, to cover with loss, and influence mental wellness in maturity ( Bowlby, 1 990 ) . While accepting much of his work, critics of Bowlby claim he placed excessively much accent on the child/mother relationship and suggest kids may organize several fond regards which can be every bit of import ( Rutter, 1981 ; Fahlberg 1991 ) . However, kids who experience injuries are sometimes unable to come on without quashing or shuting down portion of their witting consciousness of these events. We can conceive of Jake necessitating to close out his experiences of childhood disregard and, harmonizing to Freud, automatically and unconsciously quash the events of disregard and maltreatment. We can see how barricading out these unsolved issues could emerge in the signifier of depression at some point in the hereafter. There is grounds of the societal beginnings of depression in adult females, proposing that specific life events, losingss and major long term jobs, such as childhood maltreatment, are important causes of depression ( Brown A ; Harris, 1978 ) . I feel that thi s best reflects Maggie s current state of affairs. We can conceive of Jake sing a sense of loss or maternal want ( Crawford A ; Walker, 2003 ) when faced with his female parent s depression. This is a common emotional reaction in carers of grownups with depression, the apparently most cardinal and common experience was the feeling that the individual they had known who had become sick had gone off: they had become person elseaˆÂ ¦there is the loss of the individual that was, and secondly, and more complexly, there is the experience of the loss of the old possibilities ( Jones, 1996: 98-99 ) . Although Maggie may hold experienced depression continuously before Jake s birth, it is more likely that she had periods of reprieve when her capacity for emotional heat and heed to her boy s demands was greater than during times of backsliding. The difference in the consistence and strength of a kid s attachment relationships is considered an of import factor by a figure of attachment theoreticians ( Ainsworth, 1973 ) . The theories of human growing and development discussed above suggest that Jake s experience of maltreatment as a kid may forestall him from developing into a mentally healthy grownup. He may hold automatically and unconsciously repressed the injury of these events, merely to see the mental hurt of depression in the hereafter. Jake may hold experienced physical maltreatment from an early age and failed to successfully accomplish a sense of trust or liberty or develop a capacity for enterprise while turning up. Even comparatively short periods of physical maltreatment at important phases may hold placed terrible force per unit areas on his relationship with his female parent. Jake may hold merely known his female parent as down, but their relationship may hold determined Jake s future capacity to organize relationships, for case, with surrogate carer s or at school with friends and instructors. The method of intercession in Jake s life could be usefully informed by research that links mental hurt with experiences of impotence. It has been suggested that mental hurt may be seen as utmost internalizations of impotence puting a paralysing power both over those who may see such signifiers of hurt, and those who portion their lives ( Tew, 2005: 72 ) . Using societal theoretical accounts, Tew suggests two complementary ways to understand mental hurt, internalization or moving out of nerve-racking societal experiences and a header or survival strategyaˆÂ ¦to trade with peculiar painful or nerve-racking experiences ( Tew, 2005: 20 ) . A individual s mental wellness demands may, to a certain extent, be determined by their rank of certain societal groups that experience systematic subjugation ( Fernando, 1995 ; Gomm, 1996 ) . Oppression, exclusion and impotence are the cardinal subjects of many societal theoretical accounts of mental wellness demands, related to structural inequalities in footings of age, gender, race and category and so on, and affecting households in footings of maltreatment. As societal workers we occupy a comparatively powerful place and may conspire with the systematic subjugation of black people with mental wellness demands: Factors such as subjugation, unfairness, societal exclusion or maltreatment at the custodies of powerful others may be implicated in the sequences of events that lead up to many people s experiences of mental and emotional dislocation. Power issues may besides determine the reactions that people receive from professionals and the wider community-for illustration, grounds suggests that African-Caribbean people may be more likely than many white groups to be dealt with more coercively ( Tew, 2005: 71 ) . When coming to a phase where we may be better able to understand Jake s current fortunes and doing initial judgements about the type of intercession most effectual in this instance, we need to recognize the restrictions of our penetrations and avoid the booby traps of doing noncritical premises. Tew suggests that authorization can be an built-in portion in the procedure of Jake s recovery. He outlines a theoretical account of power in footings of protection and co-operation and oppressive and conniving: In its more negative signifiers ( oppressive or conniving power ) it may be seen to play a function in building societal state of affairss which contribute to straiten or breakdownaˆÂ ¦in its more positive signifiers ( protective or co-operative power ) it starts to specify the district for effectual partnership working, anti-oppressive pattern and the enabling of recovery and societal inclusion ( Tew, 2005, p. 86 ) . Harmonizing to the psychodynamic theoretical account of human growing, Jake may hold grown up with many intra-psychic struggles which may be emerging in the signifier of a neurotic or reactive depression. He may hold many witting and unconscious demands which she has suppressed and repressed. In denying and barricading out the fulfillment of these demands, he may hold shut down countries of his consciousness which allows him to: experience emotion ; interact with others in a self-generated manner ; or see carry throughing close and intimate relationships with carer and their partner. Depending on the extent of physical maltreatment he encountered during his upbringing, it would be sensible to presume that he may hold been wholly or partially unsuccessful in: accomplishing a capacity for trust with his parent ; accomplishing liberty ; or developing a capacity for taking inaugural, as described in Erikson s psychosocial theoretical account. For these grounds, it seems likely he will h old failed to keep a healthy, consistent and sustained relationship with his female parent or other primary attachment figure in the opprobrious state of affairs he found himself. Intervention must take to turn to issues of power and impotence, both in the Foster carer/child relationship and outside it. As a adult male, as a individual with mental wellness demands, and as a member of a black or minority cultural group, Jake may see subjugation, maltreatment and societal exclusion. To turn to these issues elements of authorization and partnership should be portion of the attack with an intercession designed to turn to Jake s mental wellness demands should affect edifice on his attempts to accomplish his ain full potency. This will include his ability to organize and keep healthy relationships with others, that would decrease any dependance on formal bureaus and develop an alternate beginning of positive support and increase societal inclusion.

Probation and Parole Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Probation and Parole - Research Paper Example Probation is usually exercised on criminals who have committed a capital offence. Both Parole and Probation are a method of reducing the overcrowding in jails by releasing them in normal society but at the same time monitoring for their behaviors. History of Parole and Probation The system of parole was introduced by Brockway Zebulon in order to facilitate more space in the overcrowded prisons. Parole provided the incentive for offenders to win their way out of prison by adopting good behavior towards inmates and wardens. Parole was introduced as the good time statute by the Department of Justice in 1867. This statute granted the power in the hands of the warden who was responsible for recommending prisoners for parole and later monitoring these prisoners. Probation was introduced in the US law by John Augustus in order to monitor the release of offenders that still pose a threat to the society, even after serving their prison sentence in full. Augustus ‘was the first to provid e ball for defendants under the authority of Boston Police Court in 1841’ (Clear, Cole and Reisig, 187). Probations are extension to the prison sentence and were adopted by most states in 1879. Rights According to law, every individual on parole and probation is allowed to exercise certain rights. These rights are granted to the individual through the law and could only be revoked in certain conditions. Under parole and probation, the individual has the right of freedom to move. However, this freedom of movement is restricted to areas within the place specified by the individual as his residence city or state. The probationer also has to report on a weekly basis to the probationary officer to give an account of his weekly activities. In case, the probationer commits any offense, he has the right to receive notification from the court and arrange for his defense council. The probationer also has the right to speak in front of the hearing council to plead on his own behalf. Rev ocation Both parole and probation could be revoked at any time if the officer in charge believes that the individual has committed any offense or gone against the conditions of the parole or probation. In most cases, the parole and probation officer has the authority to hold the offender in custody if he has sufficient belief that the offender poses an immediate threat of society. Certain cases with respect to revocation have brought changes in existing laws. The Morrissey v. Brewer in 1972 is one such case. This case gave the parolee certain rights when being considered for revocation. Under these rights, the parolee has the right to written notice before considered for revocation and evidence and laws violated must be identified beforehand. The Parolee also has the right to question the evidence and the witnesses presented for the case. Another case is The Pennsylvania v Scott (1998), which bars the use of evidence that has been collected without a search warrant from the paroleeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s residence. Revocation laws were also updated after Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973). This allowed probationers the right to hearing in case of being charged for any offense and the right to hire a lawyer for the hearing council (Alarid, Cromwell and Carmen, 148). Release on Parole and Probation There are certain general conditions for Parolees and Probationers released on

Complete Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Complete Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Executive Summary Chipotle Mexican Grill Restaurant has been present in the market since 1993 and has been successfully meeting the needs and demands of its customers. It went public in 2006 when McDonald’s divested its non-core business restaurants and Chipotle was one of them. Since then, it has been following a focused marketing strategy for expanding into various regions locally and internationally. It has competitive edge in the market as it is the only company that is offering healthy and nutritious food items along with fast-casual dining experience; the main target market of the company is young generation aged in between 16-30 years who are looking for delicious meals at economical prices. Although it has successfully earned a good reputation in the market but there are many avenues that are unexploited by the company. One attractive segment is of old people aged above forty years who are looking for healthy food along with a pleasurable dining experience. The marketi ng plan for this target market is designed especially for Columbus, Ohio region where no fast-food restaurant is targeting this segment. In order to reach and satisfy this market, the marketing strategy along with implementation and evaluation plan is discussed so that the company can easily implement it. The most effective way of fulfilling the needs of old people is to offer them affordable meals by marketing them on the online mediums as these people are technologically savvy. If the plan is properly implemented, then there are high chances that the company can successfully penetrate in this market. II. Situation Analysis Brief Introduction of Chipotle Mexican Grill Restaurant Chipotle Mexican Grill was started by Steve Ells in 1993 in Colorado with the aim of providing exceptionally high quality fast-food items that are made from fresh and premium ingredients. Presently, Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. is a chain of restaurants that are located in Canada, United Kingdom and United S tates. The name of the restaurant was derived from chipotle which is the Mexican Spanish name of smoked and dried jalapeno chili pepper (â€Å"Unique Corporate Culture drives results†, 2008) The specialty of the chain is in the burritos and tacos offered to the customers along with use of natural and organic ingredients and assembly-line production. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and it went public in 2006 when McDonald’s divested all of its non-core business restaurants (â€Å"About Us†, 2012). The mission of Chipotle Mexican Grill Restaurant is defined as Food with Integrity that highlights its focus on using only pure and organic ingredients and serves the customers with naturally raised meat; it gives the restaurant a competitive edge over all other restaurants present in the market (â€Å"Food with integrity†, 2012). It is among the pioneers who developed the concept of fast-casual dining restaurants. Currently, it is present in more than 1200 locations in about 43 states including France, Ontario, England, Washington and Toronto. According to Brandau (2012), the chain earned net income of US$215 million in the year 2011 and had a workforce of about 30,940 employees. The chain is run by a board that comprises of four directors along with a chairman (Steve Ells) and is headquartered in Denver, Colorado (â€Å"

Why the Electoral College Is Good Essay Example for Free

Why the Electoral College Is Good Essay â€Å"The ignorance of one voter in a democracy impairs the security of all.† John F. Kennedy. Former President Kennedy expresses how imperative it is that every person has a say in the government. Contention 1: Proper representation is lost. When there is an election, the Electoral College does not give an accurate representation of the people because they vote for representatives, who in reality cast their votes. Not only that, but a candidate can win an election with just 270 electoral votes. South Sea Republic Organization in 2008 explains: â€Å"The Electoral College is an indirect voting mechanism. US citizens vote for representatives who then cast ballots for the US President. The electors do not have to cast their ballots as per the popular will in that state; they can defy the voters if necessary. This was done to protect against tyranny or a noble trying to usurp the democratic system. The convention however is that the electors vote in a block as per the citizen voters’ wishes.† CNN explains: In our current system, the president is elected by the Electoral College and not directly by the people. The number of electoral votes each state receives depends on its population and representatives are chosen to vote on behalf of the people in the state. To win, a candidate has to win 270 electoral votes, which is a majority. If neither candidate gets that, Congress determines who wins. A few times, the American peoples choice for president hasnt actually been elected or represented. The new system would also nationalize the presidential campaign. Contention 2: States are being excluded. Right now, candidates spend most of their time campaigning in battleground states. They do not try to win over voters in small states, such as Ohio and New Hampshire. Oxford University in October of 2011 furthers: By itself, California now has fifty-four electoral votes, making it more valuable to a candidate than sixteen smaller states with three votes each. †¦ Campaigns should allocate a disproportionate amount of their resources to large states because the pivotal voter in a large state has more power to swing the campaign than a similar voter in a small state. According to Northeastern Political Science Association in 2002: â€Å"In terms of state advantages and disadvantages under the contemporary electoral college, it was found that the electoral college in the 1990s contains partially countervailing biases which result in a net advantage to large states as much as 2.663 to one, and a net disadvantage to states with from 3 to 21 electoral votes.† This evidence shows the public that when one person lives in a more populated state, their vote counts more than 2.5 times more than one in a less populated one. This is not fair for the people in the smaller state because they still have as much equal rights than the people who live in larger states. On top of that, the less populated states have a larger disadvantage because the larger states grow at higher rates than others. This reduces the votes that smaller states have. If bigger states like Texas and California gain more people, then the people in smaller states get less representation. Thus, larger states have more power. Contention 3: Electoral College lowers voter turnout: The University of Georgia in 2011 shows that â€Å"Making a statement on the overall effect of the Electoral College system voter turnout is difficultNevertheless, we can make comparisons between the model’s predicted turnout under actual resource allocation and predicted turnout if resources were allocated equally across states. †¦If the number of visits †¦observed across all states in 2004 were allocated so that each state had an equal number of visits and equal media saturation, the average predicted state turnout is .618, an average increase of 3.1% in voter turnout. † In some states, the electoral college system boosts turnout. Competitive states (particularly battleground, but also some leaning states) receive a great deal more campaign activity, as do states with more Electoral College votes, which translates into higher turnout. However, this boost in a few states leaves smaller and less competitive states—the bulk of states in number—wit h lower turnout.